# 48. Emotional manipulation ## 48.5. Methodology/Refinements/Sub-species ### 48.5.25 Intermittent or partial reinforcement Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement creates an effective climate of doubt and fear. Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can encourage the victim to persist. For example, in most forms of gambling, the gambler is likely to win now and again, but still lose money overall.