# 13. Propaganda ## 13.5. Methodology/Refinements/Sub-species ### 13.5.3. Card stacking - Selective Omission Card stacking, also called selective omission, is a classic propagandist technique. It involves only presenting information that is positive to an idea or proposal and omitting information contrary to it. Although the majority of information presented by the card stacking approach is true, it is unreliable because it also omits important information. Card stacking is used in all forms of propaganda and is extremely effective in convincing the public. The best way to deal with card stacking is to get more information. An instance of card stacking would be for a company director to deliver a glowing report about past performance to a group of potential shareholders, without mentioning that several of the company's most important patents are about to expire. ### 13.6.3 Avoidance of Card stacking - Selective Omission This is a dangerous means of propaganda and can be very convincing for poorly informed members of the public. The only guard against card stacking is to be well informed and to carefully check the completeness and truth of the information being presented.