# Philosophy Information philosophy is an attempt to examine some classic problems in philosophy from the standpoint of [information](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/introduction/information/). > _What is information that merits its use as the foundation of a new philosophical method of inquiry?_ Abstract information is neither matter nor energy, yet it needs matter for its concrete embodiment and energy for its communication. Information is _immaterial_. It is the modern _spirit_, the _ghost in the machine_. Immaterial information is perhaps as close as a physical or biological scientist can get to the idea of a soul or spirit that departs the body at death. When a living being dies, it is the maintenance of biological information that ceases. The matter remains and the information vanishes, unless it has been stored somewhere outside the body. Biological systems are different from purely physical systems primarily because they create, store, and communicate information. Biological systems are purposeful. They have what the ancients called a "_telos_." They are called "_teleonomic_," distinguished from "teleological," the Platonic notion of a pre-existing soul that carried their teleological "essense" before their "existence." This purpose of living systems is to use their information to build themselves, to maintain themselves, and then to reproduce or replicate themselves. Living things store information (about their experiences, for example) in a memory of the past that they use to shape their future. Fundamental physical objects like atoms have no memory of such history. And when human beings export some of their personal information to make it a part of human culture, that information moves closer to becoming [immortal](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/problems/immortality/). Human beings differ from other animals in their extraordinary ability to communicate information and store it in external artifacts. In the last decade the amount of external information per person may have grown to exceed an individual's purely biological information. Information is an excellent basis for philosophy, and for science as well, capable of answering questions about metaphysics (the ontology of things themselves), epistemology (the existential status of ideas and how we know them), idealism (pure information), the [mind-body problem](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/problems/mind-body/), the [problem of free will](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/problem/), and the "hard" problem of [consciousness](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/problems/consciousness/). What Can We Hope from Information Philosophy? A philosophy that is based on quantifiable information promises to solve a number of interesting philosophical problems, and throw considerable light on other philosophical schools. Cogito, Ergo Sum When we started seriously working on philosophy in the 1970's, (the decade after we first saw the outlines of solutions to the problem of value and the problem of free will), we called our solutions Cogito and Ergo. Information philosophy is a philosophy of action. Our actions are decided upon by the [adequately determined](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/adequate_determinism.html) will of an agent who selects from [alternative possibilities](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/possibilities.html) available as abstract information in the agent's _immaterial_ mind. Choosing among [undetermined](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/indeterminism.html) alternative possibilities is the basis of [_freedom_](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/). Information philosophy can solve the [problem of free will](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/problem/). We called our solution the [Cogito](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/cogito/). Actionable information has pragmatic [_value_](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/value/). Information philosophy can make a case that information ("negative entropy") is a qualitative, quantitative, and objective good. We called our idea of an objective, human-independent good the [Ergo](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/value/ergo/). Until the 1980's, we called our philosophy "Ergodic Philosophy." Now it is "Information Philosophy." In information philosophy, [knowledge](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/) is the [_sum_](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/sum/) of all the information created and preserved by humanity. It is all the information in human minds and in artifacts of every kind - from books and internetworked computers to our dwellings and managed environment. We call our solution to the [problem of knowledge](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/problem) the [_Sum_](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/sum/) Although information philosophy looks at the universe, life, and intelligence through the single lens of information, it is far from mechanical and reducible to [deterministic](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/freedom/determinism.html) physics. The growth of information over time is the essential reason why time matters and individuals are distinguishable. Increasing information explains all [emergent](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/emergence.html) phenomena, including many presumed "laws of nature." "Determinism" is itself an emergent idea, an unjustifiable extrapolation from the apparent, but only "adequate," determinism scientists saw in the Newtonian laws of motion. Information philosophy shows us the future is unpredictable for two basic reasons. First, quantum mechanics shows that some events are not predictable. The world is _causal but not determined_. We call it "soft causality" because the causes are not themselves caused. Second, the early universe does not contain the information of later times, just as early primates do not contain the information structures for intelligence and verbal communication, and infants do not contain the knowledge and remembered experience they will have as adults. In information philosophy, there is an [_arrow of time_](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/arrow_of_time/) that is antithetical to some classical philosophical ideas like the "great chain of being" and timeless truths. Information philosophy and other modern philosophies **Idealism.** For [Plato](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/plato/) the Forms or Ideas pre-exist any particular examples. Information philosophy explains [Aristotle](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/aristotle/)'s alternative view, that the general Idea is abstracted from common properties shared by a set of particulars. All such particulars come into existence as the universe evolves from a chaotic origin. Information philosophy shows how the information about an idea is embodied in minds and external artifacts. The Absolute Idea of [Hegel](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/hegel/) is in human thoughts (_Gedanken_) about particular ideas first, but then postulated in an abstract Mind as a [_universal_](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/problems/universals/), where concepts (_Begriffe_) correspond to the things themselves by reason of their shared information content. **Positivism.** Information philosophy, like positivism, only admits knowledge that can be established scientifically, that is to say via hypotheses that can be tested empirically. But unlike positivism, information philosophy offers an epistemology and metaphysics of the "things themselves," real entities in the external world for which we can access a subset of their intrinsic information. Our information is a "representation" of the external object, adequate for communications about the object between scientists and philosophers. An accurate information representation is one whose knowledge content is isomorphic to the essential information in the object itself. **Logical positivism** is the vague idea that knowledge can be based on the logical combination of verifiable sentences (atomic facts). It collapsed under the unavoidable ambiguity of language. Language philosophy needs to be reexamined as an information philosophy. We communicate most of our everyday intellectual information with words. Information content can disambiguate words. Although the hope for an ideal language seems unrealizable, information philosophy promises a better mapping of the world of ideas onto the world of things. **Pragmatism.** The core idea of pragmatism is that knowledge is valuable if it can be acted on with successful consequences. Our beliefs (hypotheses) are constantly tested by the results of acting on them. Pragmatism is thus a natural scientific method used by individuals in their daily experiences. When a community of inquirers shares their information openly, the sum of their knowledge approaches the ideal of pragmatic truth. Like pragamatism, information philosophy finds [value](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/value/) in information that is _actionable_. **Phenomenology.** Phenomenological intentionality is informational. Individual minds reflect on things and through intuition discover a meaning to their _being_. Epistemological and ontological questions are raised and pondered. Information philosophy shows us we can know the things themselves or answer questions of what it means to _be_ a thing, because we are creating that meaning. Our creations are informational structures, which are adequate and actionable, testable and empirical, to the extent that they contain an accurate subset of the much greater information content of the "thing in itself." **Existentialism** says that before anything has an objective essence, it exists in the world. Information philosophy confirms this basic insight of the Existentialists. Things genuinely emerge in the universe. Humans define their own essences and bear full responsibility for creating values and purposes for their lives. Information philosophy confirms that humans are unpredictable and creative, and that they are free, but that, unlike the Existentialists, that human freedom is not absurd. There is objectifiable [value](https://www.informationphilosopher.com/value/) in the universe.